Tensions on the Edge: What’s Happening Between Pakistan and Afghanistan

13 November 2025

Paul Francis

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The relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan has always been uneasy, but in recent weeks it has taken a serious turn. Cross-border clashes, air strikes, failed peace talks and growing accusations have pushed both nations into one of their most dangerous stand-offs in years. For many observers, the dispute has become a test of whether the region can avoid another long and destabilising conflict.

Helicopter flying over a sandy desert with rocky mountains in the background. Clear blue sky, conveying a sense of adventure and isolation.

A Fragile Border and a Growing Crisis

The Pakistan–Afghanistan border stretches for more than 1,600 miles across harsh mountains and remote valleys. It is one of the most difficult borders in the world to control. Communities on both sides share cultural and ethnic ties, yet it is also an area long associated with insurgency, smuggling and shifting alliances.

Tensions rose sharply in October 2025 after Pakistan accused militants based in Afghanistan of launching deadly attacks on its territory. The main group blamed was the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), an organisation ideologically aligned with the Afghan Taliban. Islamabad claims that the TTP uses Afghan soil as a safe haven to regroup and plan strikes. The Afghan government, run by the Taliban since 2021, has repeatedly denied this, insisting it does not allow any group to attack a neighbouring country.

In response to a series of cross-border raids, Pakistan carried out air strikes inside Afghanistan, reportedly targeting militant positions near Kabul and across border provinces such as Khost and Paktika. Afghanistan retaliated with its own artillery fire along the frontier, resulting in casualties on both sides.

Diplomatic Frustration and Failed Talks

The violence sparked international concern, prompting Qatar and Turkey to step in as mediators. Both countries helped broker a temporary ceasefire in mid-October, but the calm was short-lived. Within weeks, the agreement had collapsed, with each side accusing the other of breaking the terms.

Talks held in Istanbul were meant to restore dialogue, yet they ended in stalemate. Pakistan demanded firm guarantees that militants operating from Afghanistan would be disarmed or expelled. Afghanistan, in turn, accused Pakistan of violating its sovereignty with repeated air operations. Efforts by Iran to offer mediation have also yet to produce results.

This latest breakdown highlights a deeper mistrust between the two governments. Pakistan once saw the Taliban’s rise to power in Afghanistan as a strategic opportunity to ensure a friendly regime on its western border. Instead, the relationship has soured, with Islamabad viewing the Taliban’s inability to rein in the TTP as a major threat to its internal security.

Why the Situation Matters

The border conflict is more than a local issue; it has major implications for the entire region. Pakistan’s western frontier has long been volatile, and instability there risks spilling into its own border provinces such as Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. If the violence continues, Pakistan may face a surge of displaced civilians and renewed domestic attacks from TTP factions.

Camouflage uniform with Pakistan flag patch, "Special Services Wing" badge, and pencil in pocket. Hand holding a paper, suggesting readiness.

For Afghanistan, the fighting threatens what remains of its already fragile economy. Cross-border trade routes with Pakistan are crucial lifelines for goods, fuel and humanitarian supplies. When the border closes or becomes unsafe, Afghan markets suffer shortages and price spikes, deepening the country’s ongoing economic crisis.

Neighbouring countries are also on alert. Iran, which shares a long border with both Afghanistan and Pakistan, has offered to mediate out of concern that the fighting could spread or disrupt trade routes. Further north, Central Asian nations such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan are worried about militant movements and refugee flows across their southern borders.

Even China is watching closely. It has invested heavily in Pakistan’s infrastructure through the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship element of Beijing’s Belt and Road Initiative. Escalating violence could undermine those projects and threaten Chinese personnel working in the region.

The Broader Picture: Security and Trust

Flags of Afghanistan and Pakistan on a detailed map with mountains, highlighted by warm sunlight, creating a diplomatic tone.

At the heart of the crisis is a question of control. Pakistan believes that the Afghan Taliban can restrain militant groups operating from within its borders, but evidence so far suggests that the Taliban either cannot or will not take decisive action. Some analysts argue that the Afghan leadership faces internal divisions, with hardline elements unwilling to confront groups that once fought alongside them.

Meanwhile, Pakistan’s military leadership faces pressure at home to show strength. Repeated attacks by the TTP have killed hundreds of Pakistani soldiers and civilians over the past two years. Failure to respond decisively could be seen as weakness by a population already frustrated with economic hardship and political instability.

Both sides, then, are trapped in a cycle of accusation and retaliation, where every incident deepens mistrust.

Possible Futures

If diplomacy fails, further escalation remains a real risk. More air strikes or cross-border raids could ignite a wider conflict that neither country can afford. However, there are also reasons for cautious optimism. Regional powers, including Turkey, Qatar and Iran, have a vested interest in avoiding another prolonged war. Their mediation efforts, while limited so far, may keep communication channels open.

Trade could also serve as a bridge rather than a barrier. Pakistan and Afghanistan have both expressed interest in expanding economic cooperation through transit agreements and energy links. If stability can be restored, these could offer incentives for restraint.

The real test will be whether both governments can separate militant issues from broader political disputes. Without that, the ceasefire agreements will remain temporary, and the border will continue to be a flashpoint for years to come.

Impact Beyond the Border

The outcome of this conflict could shape regional security for the foreseeable future. A stable Afghanistan benefits not only Pakistan but also Central Asia and even Europe, which has faced migration pressures after every major Afghan crisis. Conversely, a breakdown in relations could fuel extremism, disrupt trade routes and draw in larger powers seeking influence.

For now, the international community is urging restraint. The question is whether Pakistan and Afghanistan can find common ground before local skirmishes evolve into something much larger.

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Frankenstein: The Monster Born from Science and Imagination

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Stitched together from different corpses, powered by electricity, and misunderstood by almost everyone—Frankenstein’s creature has been terrifying (and occasionally tugging at our heartstrings) for over 200 years. But how did Mary Shelley dream up this iconic tale of scientific hubris gone wrong? Let’s dig into the origins of Frankenstein and the monster that has haunted us ever since.

Beware; for I am fearless, and therefore powerful - The Creature (From the novel Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley)

Frankenstein on Screen: From Silent Horror to Pop Culture Icon

Frankenstein’s creature has had many faces over the years, but none are more iconic than Boris Karloff’s 1931 portrayal in Universal Pictures’ Frankenstein. With his flat head, bolts in his neck, and lumbering walk, this version of the monster became the standard for all future Frankenstein films. The follow-up, Bride of Frankenstein (1935), brought an even more gothic flair, with Elsa Lanchester’s unforgettable shock-haired bride.

Since then, the monster has appeared in everything from The Monster Squad (1987) to humorous takes like Young Frankenstein (1974), proving that this tragic figure can be both terrifying and oddly lovable. The creature’s mix of innocence and strength makes him a timeless character, and the story’s themes of creation, responsibility, and isolation are just as relevant today as they were when Mary Shelley wrote the novel.

The Birth of a Monster: Mary Shelley and the Making of Frankenstein

In 1816, at the age of just 18, Mary Shelley was staying near Lake Geneva with a group of literary heavyweights, including her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron. During a rainy summer, they challenged each other to write ghost stories. From that challenge came Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, published in 1818.

But where did the idea for this horrifying yet sympathetic creature come from? One potential source was the scientific discussions happening at the time. Shelley was influenced by the emerging theories of her day, especially the work of galvanism, the idea that electricity could reanimate dead tissue. Scientists like Luigi Galvani and his nephew Giovanni Aldini were experimenting with electrical currents on dead animals—and even human corpses. Mary Shelley likely drew on these scientific advances when imagining Victor Frankenstein’s method for bringing his creation to life.

While Shelley never explicitly stated that galvanism was the sole inspiration for the novel, its themes of reanimation and the dangers of playing God fit perfectly with the public's fascination with these early scientific experiments. Frankenstein’s monster, powered by lightning, became the ultimate cautionary tale about humanity’s desire to control life and death.

"To a new world of gods and monsters!" — Dr. Pretorius (Bride of Frankenstein (1935)

Mary Shelley: Life, Love, and Tragedy

Mary Shelley’s life was as dramatic as the stories she wrote. The daughter of philosopher William Godwin and feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft, she grew up surrounded by radical ideas. Her relationship with the poet Percy Shelley was scandalous—they ran away together while he was still married—and her life was marked by both intense love and deep tragedy.

Shelley experienced the loss of several of her children and her husband’s untimely death by drowning, which undoubtedly influenced the themes of loss and isolation found in Frankenstein.

The World That Made Frankenstein

The early 19th century was a time of great change and upheaval. The Industrial Revolution was beginning to reshape society, sparking new inventions, scientific breakthroughs, and fears about the consequences of unchecked progress. Europe was still recovering from the Napoleonic Wars, and questions about the limits of human power were in the air. Frankenstein taps into these anxieties, with its cautionary tale of a scientist who takes his experiments too far, paying the price for meddling with the forces of life and death.

In addition to scientific concerns, the novel explores the dangers of isolation. Both Frankenstein and his creature suffer from loneliness—Victor through his obsessive pursuit of knowledge, and the creature through his rejection by society. This theme of isolation resonated with many readers then and continues to be a powerful aspect of the story today.

A Modern Prometheus

In ancient mythology, Prometheus defied the gods to bring fire to humanity, only to be punished for his transgression. Victor Frankenstein is often compared to Prometheus, as he too defies the natural order by bringing life to the dead. But like Prometheus, Frankenstein suffers for his overreaching ambition, and his creature becomes a symbol of the unintended consequences of scientific progress.

The Lasting Legacy of Frankenstein

More than two centuries after its publication, Frankenstein remains a powerful cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked ambition and the ethical dilemmas of scientific exploration. But beyond that, it’s a deeply human story about loneliness, acceptance, and the consequences of playing God. So, this Halloween, when you see the iconic green-faced monster staggering through your nightmares, remember—he’s not just a creature; he’s a reflection of our own fears about creation, responsibility, and the limits of science.