Tensions on the Edge: What’s Happening Between Pakistan and Afghanistan

13 November 2025

Paul Francis

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The relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan has always been uneasy, but in recent weeks it has taken a serious turn. Cross-border clashes, air strikes, failed peace talks and growing accusations have pushed both nations into one of their most dangerous stand-offs in years. For many observers, the dispute has become a test of whether the region can avoid another long and destabilising conflict.

Helicopter flying over a sandy desert with rocky mountains in the background. Clear blue sky, conveying a sense of adventure and isolation.

A Fragile Border and a Growing Crisis

The Pakistan–Afghanistan border stretches for more than 1,600 miles across harsh mountains and remote valleys. It is one of the most difficult borders in the world to control. Communities on both sides share cultural and ethnic ties, yet it is also an area long associated with insurgency, smuggling and shifting alliances.

Tensions rose sharply in October 2025 after Pakistan accused militants based in Afghanistan of launching deadly attacks on its territory. The main group blamed was the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), an organisation ideologically aligned with the Afghan Taliban. Islamabad claims that the TTP uses Afghan soil as a safe haven to regroup and plan strikes. The Afghan government, run by the Taliban since 2021, has repeatedly denied this, insisting it does not allow any group to attack a neighbouring country.

In response to a series of cross-border raids, Pakistan carried out air strikes inside Afghanistan, reportedly targeting militant positions near Kabul and across border provinces such as Khost and Paktika. Afghanistan retaliated with its own artillery fire along the frontier, resulting in casualties on both sides.

Diplomatic Frustration and Failed Talks

The violence sparked international concern, prompting Qatar and Turkey to step in as mediators. Both countries helped broker a temporary ceasefire in mid-October, but the calm was short-lived. Within weeks, the agreement had collapsed, with each side accusing the other of breaking the terms.

Talks held in Istanbul were meant to restore dialogue, yet they ended in stalemate. Pakistan demanded firm guarantees that militants operating from Afghanistan would be disarmed or expelled. Afghanistan, in turn, accused Pakistan of violating its sovereignty with repeated air operations. Efforts by Iran to offer mediation have also yet to produce results.

This latest breakdown highlights a deeper mistrust between the two governments. Pakistan once saw the Taliban’s rise to power in Afghanistan as a strategic opportunity to ensure a friendly regime on its western border. Instead, the relationship has soured, with Islamabad viewing the Taliban’s inability to rein in the TTP as a major threat to its internal security.

Why the Situation Matters

The border conflict is more than a local issue; it has major implications for the entire region. Pakistan’s western frontier has long been volatile, and instability there risks spilling into its own border provinces such as Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. If the violence continues, Pakistan may face a surge of displaced civilians and renewed domestic attacks from TTP factions.

Camouflage uniform with Pakistan flag patch, "Special Services Wing" badge, and pencil in pocket. Hand holding a paper, suggesting readiness.

For Afghanistan, the fighting threatens what remains of its already fragile economy. Cross-border trade routes with Pakistan are crucial lifelines for goods, fuel and humanitarian supplies. When the border closes or becomes unsafe, Afghan markets suffer shortages and price spikes, deepening the country’s ongoing economic crisis.

Neighbouring countries are also on alert. Iran, which shares a long border with both Afghanistan and Pakistan, has offered to mediate out of concern that the fighting could spread or disrupt trade routes. Further north, Central Asian nations such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan are worried about militant movements and refugee flows across their southern borders.

Even China is watching closely. It has invested heavily in Pakistan’s infrastructure through the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship element of Beijing’s Belt and Road Initiative. Escalating violence could undermine those projects and threaten Chinese personnel working in the region.

The Broader Picture: Security and Trust

Flags of Afghanistan and Pakistan on a detailed map with mountains, highlighted by warm sunlight, creating a diplomatic tone.

At the heart of the crisis is a question of control. Pakistan believes that the Afghan Taliban can restrain militant groups operating from within its borders, but evidence so far suggests that the Taliban either cannot or will not take decisive action. Some analysts argue that the Afghan leadership faces internal divisions, with hardline elements unwilling to confront groups that once fought alongside them.

Meanwhile, Pakistan’s military leadership faces pressure at home to show strength. Repeated attacks by the TTP have killed hundreds of Pakistani soldiers and civilians over the past two years. Failure to respond decisively could be seen as weakness by a population already frustrated with economic hardship and political instability.

Both sides, then, are trapped in a cycle of accusation and retaliation, where every incident deepens mistrust.

Possible Futures

If diplomacy fails, further escalation remains a real risk. More air strikes or cross-border raids could ignite a wider conflict that neither country can afford. However, there are also reasons for cautious optimism. Regional powers, including Turkey, Qatar and Iran, have a vested interest in avoiding another prolonged war. Their mediation efforts, while limited so far, may keep communication channels open.

Trade could also serve as a bridge rather than a barrier. Pakistan and Afghanistan have both expressed interest in expanding economic cooperation through transit agreements and energy links. If stability can be restored, these could offer incentives for restraint.

The real test will be whether both governments can separate militant issues from broader political disputes. Without that, the ceasefire agreements will remain temporary, and the border will continue to be a flashpoint for years to come.

Impact Beyond the Border

The outcome of this conflict could shape regional security for the foreseeable future. A stable Afghanistan benefits not only Pakistan but also Central Asia and even Europe, which has faced migration pressures after every major Afghan crisis. Conversely, a breakdown in relations could fuel extremism, disrupt trade routes and draw in larger powers seeking influence.

For now, the international community is urging restraint. The question is whether Pakistan and Afghanistan can find common ground before local skirmishes evolve into something much larger.

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How social media can affect users’ mental health

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Jul 31, 2024
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There’s no doubt that the internet houses its fair share of trolls and keyboard warriors—people who spout derogatory, insulting, and sometimes threatening comments to anyone they come across, safe in the knowledge that they won’t suffer any consequences.

The recent prosecution of a Singapore national will hopefully serve as a deterrent in some small part, showing that you can be found and held accountable for the words you type, if they in some way break our laws. In my opinion, this is long overdue, and more should be done to eke out these culprits, whether they’re abusing a Premiership footballer or Jackie from the next street.

Why is there so much nastiness online, when 97.5% of trolls (possibly more) wouldn’t have the nerve to say the same to a person’s face?

A light-hearted post can be shot down in flames instantly, just because someone got out of bed the wrong side. It’s like we’ve forgotten that people can have an opposing opinion and still be a good person. It’s healthy to debate different viewpoints…it doesn’t make the other person akin to an axe-murderer just because they may not agree with you. There’s little wonder that social media users, famous or not, consciously avoid their favourite platforms for a day or two every now and again, for the sake of their mental health.

Then there’s how much some people seek validation from social media. From getting up to going to bed, they post pictures of their outfit, their commute, their lunch, their face (several times over), the day’s destination…in fact, every detail of their 24-hours. Maybe I’m just showing my age, but I just don’t get it. Who cares what you’ve eaten for dinner? Do you think you’re the only one to have had a BLT sandwich that day?

How are you really written on the side of a building

It doesn’t come across as living a life everyone else can only aspire to enjoy, it comes across as someone desperate to show that he/she has got a life. But, if they truly had one, and they were fully engaged with it, they wouldn’t have the time or inclination to stop what they’re doing and take shots from hundreds of angles (that’s before the filter-adding, of course). I find this lifestyle disturbing. It says to me that social media has impacted that person’s mental health. How can it not have, when they’re more concerned with the people they know digitally than those in front of them at that very moment? To disengage from their food, their commute, the outing they’re enjoying, to take pictures for the envy of others is not healthy, it’s really not. It’s like a house of cards, the building of a life that is only simulated rather than one that’s lived.

Largely a female issue, social media can also highlight a person’s physical flaws. With so many filters and enhancements to apply at the push of a button, prolific posters can receive flak from their ‘followers’ when an unabridged photo pops up from someone else’s lens and they look just like the rest of us. We can’t hide our imperfections in real life, so why do some people feel the need to perfect themselves for social media? It’s not that I don’t get that people would want to change aspects of their appearance—without a doubt, if I won the lottery, I’d get all sorts of things ‘fixed’ about myself, but there’s no point me Photoshopping these issues online only for someone to meet me in real life and think, ‘Who the hell is that? No wonder she uses filters, look at the state of her!’ I’d just be setting myself up for a fall. Until I can (if ever) physically change those things about me I don’t like, there’s no point altering them in the virtual one. I’m not a SIMS character.

Becoming hung up on the number of likes garnered is yet another waste of time. Who cares if the friend of a friend liked your post, or someone you sat next to during your school days. Unless you see these people on a regular basis and they’re part of your inner circle, does it really matter if they click the ‘like’ button or not? And they’re people you may loosely know. Why would a like from a stranger mean any more than this?

Finally…

I know I sound disparaging to the poor souls whose lives are entrenched in their social media activity. Poor self-esteem can easily spiral, and once this false reality has you in its grip, it takes a lot to rise above it and cut it out of your consciousness. I do appreciate that; I just wish people didn’t fall for it in the first place.

It’s also a generational thing. I wasn’t brought up with the internet, it appeared in my adulthood. I know how great life can be on the user’s side of the screen, so it’s easier for me to ignore the virtual world for everything else I enjoy. For those who spend as much time on the net as they do in real life, because that’s all they’ve ever known, it’s bound to be different.

I want to grab these people who live their life through social media and show how little it actually matters, but I can’t. They need to learn that lesson for themselves—which they will, one day.