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As the Labour government assumes power this weekend, businesses across the UK are bracing for significant changes. Labour’s ambitious and comprehensive business pledges aim to reshape the economic landscape, focusing on infrastructure, finance, skills, and fair play. Here's an extensive look at what these pledges mean for businesses in the UK. 1. Brexit: Protecting Business Interests Labour promises to renegotiate a Brexit deal that will secure a new customs union and a close single market relationship. This move aims to provide stability and continuity for businesses, ensuring that trade with the EU remains as frictionless as possible. The guarantee of rights and protections is particularly crucial for sectors reliant on international supply chains and skilled labour from Europe. By putting this deal to a public vote, Labour aims to settle the Brexit debate democratically, ensuring businesses can plan with certainty. 2. Transformational Infrastructure Upgrades Labour's commitment to a £250 billion Green Transformation Fund and a £150 billion Social Transformation Fund signifies an unprecedented investment in the UK’s infrastructure. This initiative promises to bridge the infrastructure gap, improve transport networks, and support green technologies. Businesses can expect reduced operational costs and improved logistics, fostering an environment conducive to growth and innovation. 3. The UK National Investment Bank The establishment of a £250 billion UK National Investment Bank and a network of Regional and National Development Banks aims to bolster small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and future industries. These banks will provide the necessary funding, promoting regional development and supporting businesses focused on innovation. This initiative will help close the funding gap that many SMEs face, enabling them to scale and compete globally. 4. Publicly Owned Post Bank Labour’s plan to set up a publicly owned Post Bank, operating through the post office network, will enhance access to finance for SMEs. With the largest branch network in the UK, the Post Bank will provide relationship banking and ensure every business has easy access to face-to-face financial services. This move is expected to democratize financial access, especially in underserved areas. 5. Business Development Agency The creation of a Business Development Agency (BDA) will simplify the business support landscape. Acting as a one-stop shop, the BDA will offer comprehensive support, from finance to advisory services, modelled on successful international examples. This agency will be instrumental in promoting SMEs in government procurement and ensuring businesses can easily navigate the support available to them. 6. Tackling Late Payments Late payments are a significant issue for SMEs, causing cash flow problems and stifling growth. Labour’s pledge to enforce 30-day payment terms for government contractors and implement a binding arbitration system with fines for persistent late payers will provide much-needed relief. This policy aims to create a fairer business environment where SMEs can thrive without the constant threat of financial instability. 7. Free Full Fibre Broadband Labour’s promise to provide free full-fibre broadband to every business and household by 2030 is a game-changer. Reliable high-speed internet is critical for modern businesses, enhancing productivity and enabling digital transformation. This initiative will ensure that businesses, irrespective of their location, have the connectivity needed to compete in a digital economy. 8. Flexible Apprenticeship Levy Labour’s proposed reforms to the Apprenticeship Levy will make it easier for employers to invest in training. By allowing the levy to be spent on all accredited training and extending the time frame for spending funds, businesses will have more flexibility to develop the skills they need. This change is set to create a more skilled workforce, tailored to the needs of modern industries. 9. Lifelong Learning for a Skilled Workforce Labour’s commitment to universal lifelong learning will ensure businesses have access to a continuously evolving talent pool. By providing free education for adults and supporting workplace learning, this initiative will help businesses adapt to changing market demands and technological advancements. Employers will benefit from a workforce equipped with the latest skills and knowledge. 10. Preventing Bank and Post Office Closures Labour’s pledge to stop bank branch and post office closures will ensure that essential financial services remain accessible to businesses. By broadening the duties of the Financial Conduct Authority, Labour aims to maintain the financial infrastructure that supports business operations, particularly in rural and underserved areas. 11. Increased R&D Investment Labour’s plan to increase public investment in research and development by £20 billion will drive innovation and economic growth. By aiming to spend 3% of GDP on R&D by 2030, Labour is positioning the UK to be a leader in technology and innovation. Businesses can expect enhanced support for research initiatives, fostering a culture of innovation. 12. Ensuring Fair Play in Business Labour’s commitment to creating a level playing field by tackling tax avoidance and unfair practices will benefit honest businesses. By properly resourcing HMRC and enforcing fair tax policies, Labour aims to create a business environment where all companies compete on an equal footing. 13. Reducing Energy Bills for Microbusinesses Introducing a price cap for non-energy-intensive micro businesses will help reduce operational costs for many small businesses. Labour’s regulation to improve the handling of energy debts will ensure that businesses are not unduly penalized, supporting their financial stability. 14. Expanding Free Childcare Labour’s expansion of free childcare to all 2-4-year-olds will make it easier for parents to return to work, increasing the available talent pool for businesses. This initiative will support working families and contribute to a more dynamic and diverse workforce. 15. Simplifying Tax Reporting Scrapping quarterly tax reporting for businesses with a turnover under £85,000 will reduce the administrative burden on small businesses. This policy will allow business owners to focus more on growth and less on compliance, enhancing overall productivity. 16. Promoting Electric Vehicles Labour’s plans to encourage the shift to electric vehicles by 2025 will support the transition to a greener economy. Businesses will benefit from reduced vehicle operation costs and contribute to environmental sustainability. The installation of EV charging stations will further support this transition. 17. Leveraging Government Procurement Labour aims to stimulate economic growth and innovation by using government procurement to support SMEs. Conditions such as timely payment to suppliers and providing training opportunities will ensure that public spending drives positive economic outcomes. 18. Comprehensive Carbon Emission Measurement Labour’s commitment to measure carbon emissions by consumption will provide a more accurate picture of the UK’s environmental impact. This policy will encourage businesses to adopt more sustainable practices and reduce the offshoring of emissions, promoting a greener economy. 19. Reforming Business Rates Labour’s fundamental reform of the business rates system will ease the financial burden on traditional high streets and town centres. By excluding new investment in plant and machinery from valuations, Labour aims to encourage business investment and growth. 20. Supporting Manufacturing Productivity The Made Smarter initiative, backed by Labour’s £250 million funding, will drive productivity improvements across the manufacturing sector. This support for Industrial Digital Technologies will enhance competitiveness and create jobs, positioning UK manufacturing for future success. Labour's business pledges represent a transformative agenda that aims to create a fairer, more innovative, and sustainable business environment in the UK. By addressing critical issues such as infrastructure, finance, skills, and fair play, Labour is setting the stage for robust economic growth and prosperity. Businesses across the country will need to adapt to these changes, leveraging the support and opportunities provided to thrive in this new landscape. 4o

Urban Burger , a beloved fixture in Yorkshire’s culinary scene since 2017, has just introduced something new and exciting to their menu: Burger Bowls. Known for its fresh, flavour-packed ingredients and signature smash-style patties, Urban Burger has won the hearts (and stomachs) of many since its inception. Now, they’re taking things to a healthier level without compromising on taste, and I had to check it out. So, what’s a Burger Bowl? Imagine all the goodness of an Urban Burger, minus the bun, and add a generous heap of fresh salad ingredients. That’s right, you can now enjoy the deliciousness of their signature burgers in a large salad bowl. You start by creating your own bowl with all the usual burger ingredients, and then top it off with your choice of protein: Chicken, Beef, Veggie, or Halloumi. Urban has even thrown in some new salad items like cucumber, sweetcorn, and crispy onions, plus two new sauces—Caesar and Chipotle. I opted for the Chicken Burger Bowl with chipotle sauce, and let me tell you, it was a game-changer. The chicken was incredibly fresh and juicy, bursting with flavour in every bite. Urban Burger’s commitment to using only the freshest, best-quality ingredients from local suppliers was evident. The chipotle sauce added just the right amount of kick and paired perfectly with the chicken. The mix of crispy onions, sweetcorn, and cucumber provided a delightful crunch and freshness that elevated the whole experience. The location I visited was the one at Herten Triangle in Doncaster. The service was prompt, and the atmosphere, as always, was welcoming and vibrant. In conclusion, Urban Burger’s new Burger Bowls are a fantastic addition to their menu. They offer a healthier alternative without sacrificing any of the flavours that have made Urban Burger a favourite across Yorkshire. Whether you’re a long-time fan or a newcomer, the Burger Bowls are definitely worth a try. Fresh, flavorful, and customizable—what more could you ask for?

Last Thursday's United States Presidential debate between President Joe Biden and former President Donald Trump diverged significantly from the norm. Traditionally, presidential debates focus on policies, track records, and statistics, allowing each candidate to demonstrate why they are the best choice to lead the nation. However, this recent debate was marked by personal attacks, with several clips going viral on social media. From a spat over golf skills to allegations of infidelity, we must ask ourselves: Is this what we want from the leaders of the world's most powerful nation? This debate highlighted the troubling state of modern politics. Two elderly men—Donald Trump, the "younger" at 78—argued over trivial matters while millions of lives hang in the balance. Why have we allowed this to happen? Why do we permit individuals who struggle to articulate their thoughts to decide the fate of our nation? One contributing factor is the lack of an upper age limit for political candidates in most Western countries. This has led to our nations being led by out-of-touch elders who may not fully grasp the issues faced by ordinary citizens. During the debate, neither Trump nor Biden appeared strong or capable, yet one of them will become president. With Joe Biden at 81 and Trump at 78, we barely trust those over 70 to drive without re-taking their driving test, yet we expect them to handle one of the most demanding jobs in the world. Is it time to impose age limits on our leaders? The US Constitution already sets a minimum age of 35 for presidential candidates, presumably to ensure sufficient maturity and life experience. So why not establish a maximum age? Age naturally brings challenges to memory, cognition, and overall health. Should we really expect someone facing these issues to perform one of the most stressful jobs on the planet? As we contemplate the future of our leadership, it's crucial to consider whether age limits could ensure more effective and dynamic governance. Shouldn't we aim for leaders who are not only experienced but also physically and mentally equipped to handle the rigours of office?

On July 1st, 2024, the United Kingdom officially adopted a significant new regulation impacting all new cars: mandatory Intelligent Speed Assist (ISA) systems. This move aligns the UK with European Union laws, reflecting the continued influence of EU standards on UK legislation even post-Brexit. The implementation of speed limiters is poised to revolutionize driving practices, aiming to enhance road safety and reduce traffic collisions. The Mechanism Behind Speed Limiters The newly mandated ISA systems are designed to prevent drivers from exceeding speed limits. These systems can operate using one of three methods: Advisory ISA : This system provides a warning to the driver when the speed limit is exceeded, typically through visual or auditory alerts. Supportive ISA : This method increases resistance on the accelerator pedal, making it physically more challenging to speed. Mandatory Speed Assist : This system actively reduces engine power to ensure the vehicle complies with the speed limit, allowing for a gradual reduction in speed. The technology employed by these systems relies on either cameras that detect traffic signs or GPS data that correlates the vehicle's location with local speed limits. In some instances, both technologies are used in tandem to ensure accuracy. Implications for UK Drivers The introduction of speed limiters is expected to be met with mixed reactions. While the primary goal is to enhance safety, many drivers may view this as an encroachment on their driving freedom. Government research highlights the extent of speeding on UK roads, with 45% of motorists exceeding limits on motorways and 50% doing so on 30mph roads. The pervasive belief in a 10% speed cushion has further normalized this behaviour. Despite potential resistance, safety experts argue that these measures will significantly reduce traffic collisions and related fatalities. The European Commission projects that intelligent speed assistance, along with other advanced safety features, could help avoid 140,000 serious injuries by 2038 and ultimately aim to eliminate road deaths by 2050. Deactivation and Compliance While drivers can deactivate the mandatory speed limiter, it will reset with each restart of the vehicle. Overriding the system by forcefully pressing the accelerator remains an option, albeit an illegal one. Importantly, the ISA system's data is recorded and can be accessed by insurers or authorities in the event of an accident, potentially influencing insurance claims and legal consequences. Broader Safety Measures The mandate for speed limiters is part of a broader suite of safety measures approved by the European Commission, including advanced emergency braking and lane-keeping technology. These initiatives reflect a comprehensive strategy to improve road safety across Europe, with the UK actively participating despite its departure from the EU. Reception and Criticism The reception of speed limiters has been varied. Road safety advocates, such as the charity Brake, have hailed the measure as a landmark advancement for road safety, potentially saving thousands of lives. The UK's Department for Transport supports the move, anticipating a significant positive impact on road safety. Conversely, critics argue that such technology could inadvertently lead to more reckless driving behaviours. The AA, for instance, contends that while autonomous emergency braking has clear benefits, intelligent speed adaptation might not be as effective. They argue that drivers may rely excessively on the system, potentially driving at the maximum allowable speed even in situations where lower speeds are warranted, such as near schools. The adoption of Intelligent Speed Assist systems marks a pivotal moment in UK road safety policy, aligning the country with broader European safety standards. While the technology aims to reduce accidents and save lives, its real-world impact will depend on how drivers adapt to and accept these new regulations. As this law comes into force, the UK stands on the cusp of a significant transformation in driving culture and road safety.

The general election is coming up on the 4th of July. And this is the most important election in the history of our nation. Britain currently sits at a turning point in its history, between whether we can continue to be one of the strongest economies in the world or are about to fall into a spiral of irrelevancy. It’s no secret that the UK for the last 14 years has been on a long and steady decline. A decline that has been purposefully managed by the Conservative party to extract as much wealth from the nation to their donors and the rich of this country. It’s this government which has overseen and caused some of the greatest crises our country has faced since the Second World War. It was through David Cameron’s arrogance that we got the Brexit vote and decision, it was then through Theresa May’s incompetence that we mismanaged negotiations with our closest trading partners and led to economic uncertainty as businesses fled the country, and then it was through Boris Johnson that we brute forced a no deal which resulted in us having no negotiations with the EU in terms of trade and the problems from that only became more exacerbated by the next crisis that was completely mismanaged. Covid. It was through covid that we saw what the Tory party really cared about. Whilst our family members were dying in hospital beds, alone. They were partying and laughing about the restrictions they themselves put in place. Whilst we lost our jobs, they were giving their friends multibillion-pound contracts for masks that didn’t work, for a track and trace system that didn’t work, and for fraudulent manufacturing companies that had only come into existence purely so the Conservatives could funnel public funds through them. But that wasn’t the worst of it, Boris Johnson resigned and his replacement was Liz Truss whose term in parliament was outlasted by a rotting lettuce. But don’t worry her impact was just as big as she single-handedly crashed the economy purely based on what she said she was going to do. Her plan was to create £45billion worth of tax cuts resulting in our financial markets crashing overnight. She’s since claimed that anyone who disagrees with this is either stupid or malevolent (her own words claiming it was because of a “deep state” against her https://www.msn.com/en-gb/entertainment/celebrity/liz-truss-the-people-who-claim-i-crashed-the-economy-are-either-very-stupid-or-very-malevolent/ar-BB1lFq0h) despite her move being something that any first-year economist would be able to explain is a bad idea. But I guess we’re all just part of the deep state against her. She was then replaced by Rishi Sunak, our beloved prime minister who has suffered so many tragedies throughout life. A man who had to go without just like many of us. Parents across the country have had to choose between feeding themselves and their children, paying for energy and heat, paying rent, or making mortgage payments. But don’t worry he knows what it’s like to go without because he didn’t grow up with Sky TV. Whilst Sunak has been an improvement on Liz Truss since he’s not yet crashed the economy, he’s still overseen a government that is more obsessed with a BS culture war over trans people’s existence than anything that would benefit the nation. He’s allowed water companies to dump millions of hours worth of sewage into our rivers making it so that in some parts of the country they’re being advised to no longer drink the tap water. We’re the 6th largest economy in the world, and yet our citizens are having to choose between eating today or tomorrow or drinking contaminated water. All the while the Tories have overseen the greatest transfer in wealth this country has had in years. Except that transfer has gone upwards. As the multi-millionaires become multibillionaires our junior doctors can’t afford to live and our nurses are overworked and can’t feed their families. But don’t worry, it's not the Tory’s fault they claim. No, it’s anyone but their fault. So Britain, as we approach UK Election 2024, we currently sit on the edge. Do we choose to have more of the same? More corruption? More inequality between the classes? Or do we choose to finally make a change and get rid of a party that is hellbent on selling the country out for a profit for them and their friends?

Original Post date: 8th Oct 2020 If that sounds like a headline from the National Enquirer, it’s not. The industry that creates wearable tech has boomed over the last few years. Fitbits, for example, are no longer a luxury but an essential item for anyone keen to improve their health. For parents obliged to stand on the side-lines as their child practises their football skills—typically, early doors on a weekend morning—you can wear ‘smart’ clothes…hats, gloves and or fleeces/gilets with integral heating to keep you toasty. Smartphones parade as fashion watches. Google Glass (smart glasses) allow you to scroll the internet whilst you walk. Gloves and suits exist that allow gaming enthusiasts to further absorb themselves into their games via virtual reality. Think of the amputees with robot-like hands and legs – technology can go as far as an entire exoskeleton, almost like Robocop. According to the military, a technologically-enhanced skeleton-like frame that’s worn on the outside of the body would greatly improve someone’s prowess in combat. Apparently, the suit would make them stronger and more able to carry supplies from camp to camp; I presume it would also protect them from certain angles – should bullets hit their metal skeleton, they’d ping off in another direction, which means less chance of being wounded in gunfire. All of these examples assume the user wears the technology on the outside of their body. For some people, however, they’re willing to go one step further. A recent poll carried out by cybersecurity company Kaspersky, which interviewed members of the public across Europe, found that some of them would be willing to endure a ‘body upgrade’ or enhancement. This could be anything from microchips inserted under the skin that holds their financial information and identification details, to supplies of preventative ‘smart drugs’, that could help make an individual immune to cancer. How much tech would we be prepared to insert into/onto our bodies before we become more machine than human? Are cyborgs really only found in science fiction books? The survey showed that almost two-thirds of those interviewed (63%) would be prepared to augment – or upgrade, as they prefer to see it - their bodies with technology. Our European cousins are also far keener than us Brits on the subject; only a quarter of British respondents entertained the idea. According to Marco Preuss, Kaspersky’s European Director of Global Research, fans of technological/physical upgrades are “keen to test the limits as to what’s possible.” But at what point would they consider stopping? Could someone actually stray into cyborg territory? Bionic eyes are already a ‘thing’, used to treat optical issues and degeneration. As is the 3D printing of certain body parts, e.g. hearts, lungs and kidneys, using stem cell technology and the advancements in printing. Body parts now grown in labs include fully-functioning ears, bladders…and vaginas. Perhaps it’s easier to consider an artificial body part if your original one fails. And I can understand smart drugs in a world where cancer is as rife as it is. Inserting chips under my skin just in case I forget my car keys or bank card may be a step too far for me personally, particularly given that you…YOU, not your laptop or phone…could be hacked. Would you be up for it? Let us know your take on things - Tweet us at @intheknowemag

Picture a beach in Bali, luxurious sand, clear waters, and the sun beaming down onto the shore. Or even a rustic French cafe, sat with a freshly baked croissant and a freshly brewed coffee. They’re a great place to relax and spend your vacation time, but they’re no longer just a place to vacation. Thanks to the rise of remote working, more and more workers are choosing these places to become their offices. These workers have earned the moniker of Digital Nomad as thanks to remote work travelling the world has become more accessible than ever before. The term Digital Nomad comes from the book of the same name by Tsgugio Makimoto and David Manners. They envisioned a future in which advances in technology have led to people being able to work anywhere in the world. This is now becoming a reality for many people in the 21st century thanks to the wide availability of high-speed internet, portable devices like laptops and tablets, and cloud-based software such as Google Workspace, Dropbox, and Teams. Not only that, there’s been a general cultural shift following Covid towards more remote work. Many companies have adopted flexible working policies making it so workers can do their jobs from anywhere in the world. Geographic arbitrage allows digital nomads to live in countries with lower costs of living while earning salaries from higher-paying countries, making the lifestyle financially viable for many. The availability of short-term rentals and coworking spaces worldwide has made it easier for digital nomads to find accommodation and workspaces. Websites like Airbnb and Booking.com offer flexible housing options, while coworking spaces provide reliable internet and professional environments Many are turning to this attractive lifestyle because of the freedom it brings. This lifestyle lets you experience different cultures across the world, start learning new languages, and experience a variety of environments and experiences that the traditional office cubical with no windows just can't offer. This lifestyle’s flexibility is its main draw. A Digital Nomad can set their own schedules and choose their work environments leading to better work-life balances that many people are struggling with in our current climate whilst taking advantage of geographic arbitrage by living in lower cost-of-living countries whilst earning higher salaries from wealthier countries. But whilst it is all sunshine, there have been many challenges with this attractive lifestyle. Many people who adopt this lifestyle report loneliness as one of the biggest challenges they can face. In a world where everything has become increasingly interconnected, it’s almost as though we have become less connected to each other. Along with that navigating countries' visa regulations can be a challenge as well as managing finances across different currencies and tax systems which can be complicated to do. The digital nomad lifestyle is an appealing blend of work and travel, offering unprecedented flexibility and opportunities for personal growth. While it presents unique challenges, the benefits of autonomy, cultural exploration, and cost savings make it an attractive option for many. As technology advances and remote work becomes more mainstream, the digital nomad community is likely to grow, offering more resources and support for those who choose this adventurous way of living. This shift towards a more flexible and location-independent work culture signifies a broader change in how we view work and life balance, potentially leading to more fulfilled and globally-minded individuals.

The digital age has given rise to a new form of relationship—one that is largely one-sided and deeply emotional. Parasocial relationships (PSRs), where individuals form strong connections with media figures like YouTube creators or fictional characters, are becoming increasingly prevalent among younger people. The recent study published in Scientific Reports from the University of Essex sheds light on why these relationships are not just a passing fad but a fundamental shift in how emotional needs are met in the 21st century. Why Are Parasocial Relationships Booming? Let's face it: today's youth are digital natives. From the moment we wake up to the time we go to bed, our lives are interwoven with the internet. Platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram are more than just entertainment—they're lifelines. The study reveals that PSRs are more effective at fulfilling emotional needs than casual acquaintances, though they still fall short of the intimacy provided by close friends and family. These virtual connections can be incredibly comforting for young people, who often face social challenges and a constant quest for belonging. The Role of Accessibility and Consistency: Unlike traditional relationships, PSRs don't require reciprocation. A YouTube creator is always there, posting new content regularly, sharing their thoughts, their lives, and sometimes, their vulnerabilities. This consistency creates a sense of reliability and emotional safety that can be harder to find in real-life relationships, especially during tumultuous adolescent years. High Self-Esteem and Social Rejection: Interestingly, the study points out that individuals with high self-esteem find these parasocial bonds particularly satisfying when facing social rejection. In an age where bullying and social exclusion can extend into the digital realm, having a dependable, albeit one-sided, emotional support system can make a world of difference. Why Is This Happening? The rise in PSRs can be attributed to several factors. First, the pervasive influence of digital media means that young people are constantly exposed to media figures. These figures often share content that feels intimate and personal, creating an illusion of friendship. Additionally, societal shifts, including increased social isolation and the fragmentation of traditional community structures, have left a void that PSRs can fill. A Double-Edged Sword for Mental Health: While PSRs can provide much-needed emotional support, they also come with potential drawbacks. Over-reliance on these relationships might impede the development of real-life social skills. The key is balance—using PSRs as a supplementary support system rather than a replacement for actual human interaction. Is This a Good or Bad Thing? The answer isn't straightforward. On one hand, PSRs offer a vital source of support and connection in a world where traditional social bonds are weakening. They can be particularly beneficial for those who struggle with social anxiety or lack a strong support network. On the other hand, there's a risk that these relationships might discourage people from seeking out and nurturing real-world connections, which are essential for a well-rounded emotional life. Final Thoughts: Parasocial relationships are more than just a quirky byproduct of our media-saturated world; they're a testament to the evolving nature of human connection. For younger generations, these relationships can offer significant emotional support, filling gaps left by traditional social interactions. As we navigate this digital landscape, understanding and integrating the positive aspects of PSRs could be crucial for fostering emotional well-being in an increasingly connected yet isolated world. The full study provides a deeper dive into these dynamics and can be accessed [here](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-58069-9).

The word 'football' is an intriguing linguistic phenomenon with diverse interpretations in different nations, reflecting the cultural and historical influences that have shaped its meaning. The Ancient Roots of 'Football' The origins of the term 'football' can be traced back to ancient civilisations, where kicking ball games were prevalent. Evidence of such games has been found in various cultures across history, such as China's ‘cuju’, ancient Mesoamerican ballgames, and various European ball games. These early ball games were often characterised by their simplicity, lack of standardised rules, and local variations. In medieval England, ball games played on foot gained popularity as festive and recreational pastimes. The games were often played between rival villages or towns, and the objectives ranged from getting the ball to a specific landmark to simply moving the ball across a boundary line. The rules were often haphazard and varied widely between regions, leading to a myriad of local names for the games. Find out more about the history of Football here Formalisation of the Term With the growing popularity of football in England, the need for standardisation became apparent. During the 19th century, educational institutions like schools and universities started to take an interest in the game and sought to establish uniform rules. The establishment of formal rules was essential to avoid chaos and potential injuries during matches. One pivotal moment in football's evolution occurred when the students of Rugby School decided to break away from traditional ball games and codify their rules, leading to the emergence of rugby football. Meanwhile, another significant milestone came in 1863 when the Football Association (FA) was founded in England. The FA formalised the sport by introducing standardised rules, creating what would become known as association football. The term 'football' began to gain prominence as a way to refer to this standard version of the sport played on foot. The Emergence of 'Soccer' As football gained popularity in England, an alternative term started to gain traction in the latter part of the 19th century: 'soccer’. The term 'soccer' originated from the abbreviation of ‘association football’, a name coined by British public schools to distinguish it from rugby football and other regional variations. The term 'soccer' became more widely used among the British elite as a way to differentiate the sport and emphasise its association with the Football Association (FA). American Football vs. Soccer In the United States, the word 'football' took on a unique meaning due to the rise of 'American Football’. American Football, which evolved from rugby football and other regional variations, is a distinct sport with its own set of rules, equipment, and terminology. The sport's roots can be traced back to Ivy League colleges in the 19th century, where it began to take shape as a competitive game. American Football is characterised by its distinctively shaped ball, protective gear, and strategic plays that set it apart from association football, known as 'soccer' in the United States. The popularity of American Football in the United States led to 'football' becoming synonymous with the sport within the country. European Variations As the sport of football spread across Europe, different countries adopted their terms for the game, leading to diverse interpretations: Calcio in Italy: In Italy, the term 'calcio' became associated with a traditional form of football with historical significance. The game, known as ‘calcio storico’, traces its roots back to medieval Italy and still thrives as an annual sporting event in Florence. 'Calcio' remains a symbol of Italian sporting heritage and cultural pride. Fútbol in Spain and Latin America: In Spain and many Latin American countries, 'fútbol' became the commonly used term for football, signifying its deep cultural significance. The sport is not just a game but a social and communal event that unites people from all walks of life. Futebol in Portugal and Brazil: In Portugal and Brazil, 'futebol' is the prevalent term used for football. The sport has taken on a quasi-religious status in Brazil, with a rich history of producing legendary players and World Cup triumphs, contributing to its role as a cultural touchstone. The word 'football' holds a fascinating history, originating from ancient ball games to the sport we know today. Its evolution, from informal matches in medieval England to globally recognised terms like 'soccer’, 'calcio’, 'fútbol’, and 'futebol’, showcases the dynamic nature of language and the profound impact of culture on the interpretation of a single term. As the sport of football continues to transcend borders and bring people together, the diverse meanings associated with the word 'football' exemplify the shared passion and enthusiasm for this beautiful game across the world. Whether it's cheering for 'soccer' in the United States, playing 'fútbol' in Spain, or celebrating 'futebol' in Brazil, the universal love for 'football' remains a testament to the enduring power of sport as a global unifying force.

Football, or soccer as it's known in some parts of the world, is the most popular sport in the world, with millions of fans and players. But how did this beloved game evolve into what we see today? The origins of football are as diverse and fascinating as the sport itself, tracing back to various ancient civilisations and evolving through the centuries into the beautiful game that we know today. Ancient Beginnings: Cuju in China The earliest form of football-like games can be traced back over 2,000 years to ancient China. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), a game called Cuju (meaning "kick ball") was played. Cuju involved kicking a leather ball filled with feathers into a small net, and it was initially used for military training to keep soldiers fit​​. The game was formalised during the Han Dynasty, with official rules and designated playing fields. Over time, Cuju spread beyond the military to become a popular court pastime​​. In ancient Greece, a game called Episkyros was played. This game involved two teams and a ball, with players allowed to use their hands. It was known for its physicality and strategic gameplay, resembling a mix of modern rugby and soccer​​. The Romans adopted this game, renaming it Harpastum. Harpastum was a fast-paced and rough game, often played on a smaller field. These ancient games laid the foundation for the development of football in Europe​. Medieval Europe: The Chaotic Mob Football Football in medieval Europe was a far cry from the organised sport we know today. Known as mob football, these games involved entire villages competing against each other, with goals often several miles apart. The rules were minimal, and the games were notoriously chaotic and violent. Mob football was typically played during festive occasions and could last for hours or even days​. Despite numerous attempts to ban the game due to its violent nature, it remained popular throughout the Middle Ages​​. Formalisation in England: The Birth of Modern Football The transformation of football into a modern sport began in England in the 19th century. Public schools such as Eton, Harrow, and Rugby developed their versions of the game, each with different rules. This led to the need for a standardised set of rules, culminating in the formation of the Football Association (FA) in 1863​​. The FA's standardised rules, known as the Laws of the Game, distinguished association football from rugby football, laying the groundwork for the modern sport​. The global spread of football was significantly influenced by British sailors, merchants, and soldiers. As they travelled and settled in various parts of the world, they introduced the game to local populations. British expatriates established the first football clubs in South America, Europe, and Africa. For example, the Buenos Aires Football Club was founded in Argentina in 1867 by British residents​​. This global dissemination was crucial in making football an international phenomenon. Formation of FIFA and International Competitions The need for a governing body to oversee international matches led to the founding of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) in Paris in 1904. FIFA aimed to standardise rules and organise international competitions, which eventually led to the creation of the World Cup in 1930​​. The World Cup quickly became the pinnacle of international football, showcasing the sport's best talents and fostering a sense of global unity and competition​​. Conclusion: Football's Enduring Legacy From its ancient origins in China and Greece to its formalisation in England and global spread, football has evolved through centuries of cultural exchanges and innovations. Today, it stands as a testament to the unifying power of sport, bringing together millions of fans worldwide to celebrate the beautiful game. Understanding football's rich history adds depth to our appreciation of this global phenomenon and highlights the diverse contributions that have shaped its development. Football's journey from ancient ball games to the modern spectacle we enjoy today is a remarkable story of evolution, adaptation, and global influence. Whether you're a casual fan or a dedicated enthusiast, knowing the origins of football enriches your connection to the sport and its enduring legacy.

Originally Posted June 7th 2021 Growing up with the internet, as I did, it’s of no surprise to me that traditional methods of marketing are failing to grab the attention of millennials and Generation Z. Many have wised up to the artifice and pretence of the advertisements that would’ve persuaded their parents and grandparents. Today, brands must double down on their relatability and authenticity to cater to younger consumers. With an estimated buying power of over 600 billion dollars, it’s certainly within any brand’s interests to market themselves towards millennials. They are a generation with the highest levels of brand loyalty, but it seems increasingly difficult to earn their trust from traditional marketing. Elite Daily’s study shows that ‘only 1% of the 1300 millennials surveyed said that a compelling advertisement would make them trust a brand more,’ suggesting that, ‘millennials believe that advertising is all spin and not authentic.’ Turning to streaming services such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video and Disney+ for their entertainment, millennials are less likely to watch traditional advertisements, and therefore unlikely to be exposed to a brand or product that wasn’t already on their radar. Even the five-minute ad break between television shows appears to be too long to hold the attention of millennials and Generation Z, with the optimal duration for an advert likely to capture their attention being 15 seconds, perfect for scrolling through Instagram or TikTok, or even at the start of a YouTube video. Not all internet advertisements are engaging for millennials, however, with pop-up ads seemingly the worst. 96% of respondents admitted that they disliked them. Around 50% of millennials preferred YouTube advertisements and email updates, possibly because they were easier to skip and ignore. One of the advertising strategies that appeals to millennials the most is influencer marketing—appreciated for its honest and transparent approach. To garner a significant following, influencers must develop a relationship with their audience, by creating a relatable and down-to-earth image. If a product apparently works well for the influencer, their followers are likely to believe that it will work in the same capacity for themselves also. Many influencers claim that they will only partner with a company and create sponsored content that aligns with their own personal brand and values, which only furthers their aura of authenticity. What AI thinks Influencers Look Like Instagram appears to be the most popular platform for influencer marketing, with more than 1 billion active users and its emphasis on photo and video content, which allows brands to visually promote their products. Similarly, aside from the skippable ads at the start of their videos, many YouTube creators earn money by taking on sponsorships with a variety of brands—either promoting their product within a section of the video or creating dedicated content to endorse it. Companies seem keen to incorporate social media influencers into their marketing strategies, as ‘two-thirds of firms plan to increase the amount spent on influencer marketing within the next year, and 80% forecast to spend at least 10% of their marketing budget on it’ (Haenlein, et al 2020). This clearly has the desired effect on millennials and Generation Z, who are more likely to purchase a product or service if it’s promoted and endorsed by an ‘admired and respected person’. However, whilst younger people are adept at discerning the artifice of traditional advertisements, influencer marketing can be more deceitful than imagined. In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) enforces rules and guidelines to protect consumers, which includes disclosure agreements, i.e. prompting influencers to reveal their relationship with the brand. The FTC guidelines are fairly vague, so even writing ‘#Ad’ suffices as proper disclosure; however, this is often placed discreetly within the post, and therefore missed by their followers. Whilst these influencers can be fined for not properly disclosing sponsorship, because there are so many posts within the Wild West of the internet, murky advertisements can be missed. One study found that 93% of influencer sponsorships are undisclosed, and therefore violate FTC guidelines. FTC fines are not the only possible consequences of influencer marketing. Their audiences want relatability and authenticity, which can be difficult to maintain after numerous brand deals and sponsorships. Even if the audience accepts that their favourite celebrity is shilling a product to them, there is the expectation that the company they’re partnering with should align with the influencer’s values. ‘Understanding influencer marketing: The role of congruence between influencers, products and consumers’ gives the example of an Instagram influencer who partnered with Volvo to promote a toxic-free car cleaner. Her followers resented this endorsement, as it appeared forced and performative; this eco-friendly, sustainable message was incongruous to her usual jet-setting, travel-related content. Not only did this partnership backfire, wasting money for Volvo, the consequences may have also extended to a loss of followers for the influencer because she’d broken their trust. Influencer marketing is not as straightforward as it may seem. Something as artificial as product marketing must still be perceived as authentic and genuine. Once an influencer grows and accepts more sponsorships, it’s likely that their followers will realise that they’ve become simply a target demographic. The ‘I’m just like you’ mentality could come crashing down. Whether this happens before the FTC cracks down on undisclosed partnerships remains to be seen.

The UEFA European Championship, commonly known as the Euros, has delivered some of the most unforgettable moments in football history. From underdog victories to dramatic last-minute goals, here are ten of the most surprising moments that have left fans in awe over the years. 1. Marco van Basten’s Incredible Volley (1988) In the Euro 1988 final, Marco van Basten scored an extraordinary volley from an almost impossible angle against the Soviet Union, securing the Netherlands’ first major international trophy. This goal is widely regarded as one of the greatest in the tournament's history. Van Basten's strike from the edge of the penalty area was a masterclass in technique and confidence, highlighting his exceptional talent and solidifying his place in football lore. 2. Denmark’s Fairytale Win (1992) Denmark's journey to victory in Euro 1992 is a classic underdog story. Initially failing to qualify, they were given a spot after Yugoslavia's disqualification due to civil war. Against all odds, Denmark defeated Germany 2-0 in the final, capturing their first major international title. Led by coach Richard Møller Nielsen and featuring standout performances from Peter Schmeichel and John Jensen, Denmark's unexpected triumph captivated the football world. 3. David Trezeguet’s Golden Goal (2000) France’s triumph in Euro 2000 came courtesy of David Trezeguet’s golden goal in extra time against Italy. This dramatic finish not only secured France’s second European Championship but also highlighted the thrilling nature of the now-defunct golden goal rule. Trezeguet's powerful volley into the roof of the net was a fitting end to a tournament that saw some of the best attacking football in Euros history. https://youtu.be/knul03Emmwk?si=q2LaAVFItO_WtwwN 4. Greece’s Shock Victory (2004) Greece pulled off one of the biggest surprises in football history by winning Euro 2004. Entering the tournament as 150-1 outsiders, they stunned the football world by defeating hosts Portugal 1-0 in the final. Angelos Charisteas’ header sealed a victory that emphasised tactical discipline and team spirit, orchestrated by German coach Otto Rehhagel. Greece's defensive solidity and effectiveness on set pieces proved unbeatable. https://youtu.be/OG5u1uurPik?si=Wg5SKm3PC5xc00S4 5. Spain’s Dominance (2008 and 2012) Spain’s back-to-back victories in Euro 2008 and Euro 2012 showcased a golden generation of footballers playing mesmerising tiki-taka football. Their 4-0 demolition of Italy in the Euro 2012 final was particularly stunning, marking Spain as one of the greatest teams in football history. Players like Xavi, Andrés Iniesta, and Iker Casillas were central to Spain's unprecedented success, which included winning the 2010 World Cup 6. Michel Platini’s Goal Scoring Prowess (1984) Michel Platini scored nine goals in Euro 1984, a record for a single tournament. His performance was pivotal in leading France to their first European Championship. Platini’s scoring spree included two perfect hat-tricks, highlighting his exceptional talent and leadership. His ability to deliver in crucial moments set the standard for future midfielders. https://youtu.be/IU9S9oaa-AU?si=B4NxhLvGGmE6fPFs 7. Panenka’s Iconic Penalty (1976) Antonín Panenka’s cheeky chipped penalty in the 1976 final shootout against West Germany not only secured Czechoslovakia’s first European title but also introduced the world to the now-famous “Panenka” penalty. This moment of audacity has been imitated countless times but remains uniquely iconic. Panenka's penalty is remembered as a bold statement of creativity and confidence in football. https://youtu.be/ROG4-QPIDgo?si=Kf6UBoOjqq2mP1d0 8. England’s Penalty Heartbreak (1996) Euro 1996 saw England’s hopes dashed in the semi-finals against Germany at Wembley. After a 1-1 draw, the match went to penalties, where Gareth Southgate’s miss handed Germany the victory. This match is remembered for its intense drama and the painful sense of missed opportunity for England. The emotional rollercoaster experienced by fans and players alike has made this match a poignant chapter in English football history. https://youtu.be/3EiE7eLWI_M?si=AcvmmPWK0N0WhgN- 9. Portugal’s Triumph Against the Odds (2016) Portugal’s unexpected victory in Euro 2016 was marked by resilience and tactical astuteness. Despite losing their star player Cristiano Ronaldo to injury early in the final against France, a late goal in extra time by substitute Eder secured Portugal’s first major international trophy. Eder’s stunning strike from a distance was a moment of individual brilliance that capped off Portugal’s determined campaign. 10. Italy’s Redemption (2020) Italy’s win at Euro 2020 was a story of redemption after they failed to qualify for the 2018 World Cup. Facing England at Wembley, they came back from an early deficit to equalise and eventually won 3-2 on penalties. Gianluigi Donnarumma’s heroics in the shootout were crucial, earning him the Player of the Tournament award. This victory marked Italy’s return to the top tier of international football, highlighting their tactical discipline and mental toughness. These moments encapsulate the excitement, unpredictability, and sheer drama that the Euros consistently deliver, making it one of the most cherished tournaments in the world of football. Whether it’s a stunning goal, an underdog victory, or a dramatic penalty shootout, the Euros never fail to captivate and inspire football fans around the globe.