The Hidden Rise of Modern Slavery in Britain

13 May 2026

Paul Francis

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A Problem That Never Really Went Away

There is a tendency to think of slavery as something distant, something rooted firmly in the past or confined to parts of the world far removed from everyday British life. It sits in history books, in documentaries, in the language of abolition and progress. It is not something most people associate with modern Britain, or with the streets, workplaces and systems that shape daily life.

Silhouette of a person sitting on the floor in a dim hallway, head in hands, creating a somber mood. Light filters from a door in the background.

And yet, the latest findings from the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner suggest something far more uncomfortable. Modern slavery is not only present in the UK, it is rising, and doing so at a pace that is becoming harder to ignore. Referrals of suspected victims have reached record levels, with more than 23,000 cases identified in 2025 alone. That figure has nearly doubled in just a few years, and the expectation is that it will continue to grow rather than stabilise.

This is not a sudden emergence. It is a problem that has been building quietly, largely out of sight, but increasingly woven into the fabric of the modern economy.

Not Somewhere Else, But Here

One of the most persistent misconceptions about modern slavery is that it exists elsewhere. That it is something imported, something external, something that happens beyond the borders of everyday British experience. The reality is far closer to home.

Exploitation linked to modern slavery has been identified across a wide range of sectors within the UK, including agriculture, construction, hospitality, car washes and domestic work. It exists in both urban and rural settings, often hidden in plain sight. It does not always announce itself in obvious ways. More often, it sits beneath the surface, embedded within legitimate industries and supply chains.

Perhaps most strikingly, a growing number of victims are British nationals. This is not solely an issue of migration or international trafficking, although those factors remain significant. It is also about vulnerability within the UK itself, about people who fall into situations where exploitation becomes possible.

That shift changes the conversation. It moves the issue from something that feels external to something that is undeniably domestic.

Vulnerability in a Changing Economy

At the centre of the rise is a familiar but deeply troubling pattern. Exploitation thrives where vulnerability exists. The cost of living crisis, rising housing pressures and increasing levels of financial instability have created conditions in which more people are exposed to risk. Debt, insecure employment and lack of stable accommodation can all make individuals more susceptible to coercion, manipulation or false promises of work.

A person wearing a gray knit hat sits against a dark wall, arms crossed over knees, head resting on arms, conveying a somber mood.

Modern slavery does not begin with chains. It often begins with an offer, an opportunity that appears to provide a way out of a difficult situation. That is what makes it so effective. It adapts to circumstances, finding points of weakness and building from there. As economic pressure increases, so too does the pool of people who can be targeted.

The Role of Technology in a New Form of Exploitation

What distinguishes the current moment from previous decades is the role of technology.

The Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner has highlighted how digital platforms, artificial intelligence and new forms of payment are reshaping how exploitation operates. Recruitment can now take place online, through social media or informal job networks that reach large numbers of people quickly. Communication between those orchestrating exploitation and those being exploited can happen remotely, reducing the need for direct physical control.

Financial transactions can be obscured through digital systems, making it harder to trace the flow of money. At the same time, technology allows for greater coordination, enabling exploitation to operate across locations and at a scale that would have been far more difficult in the past.

This is not a return to old forms of slavery. It is something that has evolved alongside the modern world, using its tools and infrastructure to remain hidden.

A System Struggling to Keep Pace

The UK does not lack laws or frameworks designed to address modern slavery. There are systems in place, from identification and referral mechanisms to enforcement and victim support structures. In theory, these provide a comprehensive response. In practice, the situation is more complex.

The Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner has raised concerns that the UK’s response has begun to stagnate. The scale of the problem is increasing, while the systems designed to address it are struggling to keep up. This is not necessarily due to a lack of intent, but to the challenge of responding to an issue that is both evolving and expanding.

Policing, support services and regulatory bodies are all operating within wider pressures. Resources are stretched, priorities are competing, and the nature of modern slavery itself makes it difficult to detect and disrupt.

The result is a gap between what exists on paper and what is experienced in reality.

The Part We Do Not See

Perhaps the most unsettling aspect of modern slavery is how much of it remains unseen.

The figures that are reported represent identified cases, situations where something has been recognised and brought into the system. They do not capture the full extent of the problem. Many victims never come forward. Many situations remain hidden, either through fear, lack of awareness or the subtlety of the conditions involved.

This means that the true scale is likely higher than any official number suggests.

It also means that modern slavery can exist alongside everyday life without being immediately visible. It can sit behind familiar settings, within industries that appear ordinary, sustained by systems that are not designed to expose it easily.

A Question About the Systems Around Us

What makes this issue particularly significant in the current moment is how closely it connects to broader questions about the systems people rely on. The UK has legal frameworks in place. It has institutions designed to protect vulnerable individuals. It has enforcement bodies tasked with identifying and addressing exploitation. None of these has disappeared.

And yet, the number of people being drawn into situations of exploitation is increasing.

This does not point to a single failure. It points to a more complex reality in which systems exist, but are being tested by changing conditions. Economic pressure creates vulnerability. Technology enables new forms of control. Enforcement struggles to keep pace with both.

In that space, exploitation finds room to grow.

A Problem That Demands Attention, Not Distance

It would be easier to treat modern slavery as an issue that exists at the edges, something separate from the everyday concerns of most people. But the evidence suggests that it is more closely connected to the conditions shaping modern Britain than many would expect.

It is tied to how people work, how they live, how they access opportunities and how they are supported when those systems do not function as intended.

That is what makes it difficult to ignore. Not simply the scale of the problem, but the way it reflects deeper pressures within society. Modern slavery has not reappeared. It has adapted.

And as it adapts, it raises a question that is harder to answer than it first appears. If the systems designed to prevent exploitation are in place, why is it still increasing?

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The Price of Free: CapCut's New Terms of Service Raise Big Questions for Creators

Paul Francis
Jul 8, 2025
4 min read

Most people never read the terms of service. They're the digital equivalent of the small print on a credit card offer. Dry. Dense. Usually harmless. But every now and then, one of those boxes you tick without thinking hides something that matters.

CapCut, the hugely popular video editing app owned by ByteDance, quietly updated its terms of service in June. The new terms haven’t radically changed in structure, but their language has sparked widespread concern. Creators, influencers, journalists and casual users are now realising the cost of convenience might be their content, their voice, and even their face.

So what changed? And why does it matter?

CapCut Now Has the Right to Use Your Content, Forever

At the heart of the controversy is CapCut’s licence agreement. When you upload a video to their platform, even as a private draft, you are granting ByteDance and its affiliates a worldwide, royalty-free, irrevocable and perpetual right to use, edit, reproduce, distribute and monetise your content. This includes your username, your voice, and your likeness.

In short, they can do what they like with your video. Forever. And you cannot revoke that permission.

Critically, this applies not just to content published publicly but also to drafts or private videos stored in CapCut’s cloud. Even if you delete the file or your account, the licence remains in place. You still technically own your content, but they own the rights to do whatever they want with it.

This has understandably caused alarm among creators. A vlog you filmed for friends, a marketing draft, or a clip of your child dancing in the living room could, in theory, be used in an advert, a training dataset, or promotional material with no payment or warning.

The Growing Frustration with ‘Freemium’

Beyond the terms themselves, CapCut has also come under fire for its monetisation strategy. Features that were once free, like slow motion effects, watermark-free exports and audio extraction, are now locked behind a Pro subscription.

Reddit forums are filled with posts from frustrated users. One wrote, "You literally cannot do anything on it anymore, everything requires a subscription #boycott_capcut." Others have vented about automatic updates that break their workflows or remove tools they relied on.

CapCut was once the darling of quick, quality video editing. Now, many feel it has shifted from a useful free tool to a pay-to-play model without warning. That change has made some users feel as though they were tricked into building their content libraries on a platform that no longer respects their creative control.

Who Is Most Affected?

The impact is not the same for everyone. Here are three groups most at risk:

1. Content Creators and InfluencersAnyone uploading original content to CapCut risks losing control over how that content is used. That includes voiceovers, music, video clips and personal footage. A brand image carefully curated over years could be diluted or repurposed without input or approval.

2. Journalists and Documentary FilmmakersThose working with sensitive material or vulnerable subjects may be unknowingly placing source material into the hands of a third party. CapCut’s terms allow them to retain copies of content and distribute them freely. For journalists working under embargo or dealing with whistle-blowers, this is a serious threat to trust and ethics.

3. Small Businesses and CharitiesMany organisations use CapCut to produce promotional videos, explainers, and behind-the-scenes content. If those assets are uploaded to CapCut’s servers, they may be reused, reshaped or monetised elsewhere. This undermines brand control and could expose sensitive internal material.

Safer Alternatives for Creators

Dark computer screen with Adobe Premiere Pro icon. Visible text: Home, Sync Settings, Recent. Sparse light creates a focused, calm mood.

If you are reconsidering your use of CapCut, here are some alternatives that offer more transparency or control:

DaVinci Resolve: A professional-grade editor with a free version offering extensive features and no cloud tie-ins.
Adobe Premiere Pro: Paid, but widely trusted and industry standard.
Final Cut Pro: Ideal for Mac users who want full control over local files.
VN Video Editor: A popular mobile alternative with fewer strings attached.
Openshot: A free, open-source tool for those who prefer editing offline.
Shotcut: Another open-source video editor with advanced features and no automatic cloud storage.

A Wider Trend of Terms That Take More Than They Give

CapCut is not alone. Increasingly, apps and platforms are granting themselves sweeping rights over user-generated content. TikTok, also owned by ByteDance, includes similar language in its terms. Meta’s platforms have long included provisions that allow for the reuse and promotion of posted material. Even Zoom caused controversy in 2023 after suggesting it could use video calls to train AI.

These trends suggest a growing normalisation of terms that put user control second to corporate interest. The technology is free, but your content becomes the price.

The Lesson? Read Before You Click

We live in an age where convenience and creativity are closely tied to platforms we do not control. CapCut’s updated terms of service are not necessarily unusual—but they should be a wake-up call. If you value your content, your privacy, or your brand, it may be time to check those terms before clicking ‘Accept’.

Because in the world of digital creation, what’s yours might not stay yours for long.