Landmark Negligence Cases That Changed Personal Injury Law

6 November 2025

Toby Patrick

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Personal injury law is vital for those who have suffered from negligence or a lack of care with their injury and therefore seek compensation. Over time, several landmark cases have completely transformed personal injury law. Below, we look at some of the key cases that have shaped modern legal principles and how they continue to impact lives today.

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Palsgraf vs Long Island Railroad Co. (1928)

One of the oldest and most famous cases in personal injury law is the claim of Helen Palsgraf against Long Island Railroad Co. In this case, Helen was injured when a package containing fireworks exploded on the railroad tracks. The explosion occurred as railway employees were assisting a man boarding a train.

Helen Palsgraf sued for her injuries, which led to a major debate over liability. The court ultimately ruled that the railroad company was not liable, as the harm was not foreseeable. This decision introduced the concept of foreseeability into the doctrine of negligence, emphasising that liability depends on whether harm is a reasonably predictable consequence of the defendant’s actions.

Donoghue vs Stevenson (1932)

Another landmark case from the early 1930s, this one transformed personal injury law across the world. May Donoghue became ill after drinking a bottle of ginger beer that contained a decomposed snail. Although her friend purchased the drink, Donoghue sued the manufacturer, Stevenson, for damages.

The court concluded that Stevenson had a duty of care to ensure the safety of their products, even without direct contact between the manufacturer and consumer. This case established the modern principle of negligence and influenced similar legal doctrines internationally.

Baker v. City of St. Louis (1967)

In this case, Baker sued the City of St. Louis after being injured while attempting to board a bus. He argued that the city failed to ensure proper maintenance of its buses and adequate training of drivers. The city claimed sovereign immunity, meaning it could not be sued.

However, the court ruled that the city could be held liable under the doctrine of negligence. This case reshaped the modern understanding of government liability, ensuring that cities cannot rely on sovereign immunity when negligence or personal injury is involved.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Although best known as a landmark decision in reproductive rights, Roe v. Wade also had implications for personal injury and medical law. Jane Roe challenged Texas laws that prohibited abortion, arguing for her right to privacy.

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the constitutional right to privacy extended to a woman’s decision to have an abortion. While primarily focused on bodily autonomy, the case reinforced the importance of medical rights and personal safety, principles closely related to personal injury and negligence law.

Berg v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. (1978)

In this case, Berg sought compensation from Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company under his insurance policy. The dispute centred on how the company interpreted policy coverage. The court ruled that insurance companies cannot deny coverage to victims based on technicalities or unclear wording, describing such behaviour as professional negligence.

This case transformed the way insurance contracts are written, reinforcing the need for fairness and transparency between insurers and policyholders.

McDonald’s Hot Coffee Case: Liebeck v. McDonald’s (1994)

Perhaps the most famous personal injury case of all time, this lawsuit involved Stella Liebeck, who suffered third-degree burns after spilling hot coffee purchased from McDonald’s. She was hospitalised and incurred serious medical expenses.

The jury found that McDonald’s had acted with gross negligence by serving coffee at a dangerously high temperature. The case sent shockwaves through the legal and corporate world, leading to stronger consumer protection laws and the introduction of visible safety warnings on hot beverage containers.

It also sparked global debate about corporate responsibility, personal accountability and public perception of compensation claims.

Summary

Personal injury law continues to evolve through court decisions that balance fairness, duty of care and responsibility. From the snail in the bottle to the coffee cup warning, each case has shaped how we understand negligence and justice in everyday life.

While not every claim succeeds, these landmark rulings have transformed the modern legal landscape, ensuring that individuals and institutions are held accountable for the safety and well-being of others.

Current Most Read

Low waste living

ITK Magazine
Aug 12, 2024
3 min read

The health of our planet was a hot topic before Covid-19 came along and moved our priorities to the health of the entire human race.

Green Recycling Bin against a Red gradient background.

You can’t have missed those videos (or Attenborough’s TV shows) that show sea creatures getting caught up and sometimes killed from the plastic waste swimming about their ocean environments. Even on land, the impact of our plastic waste—whether this is an empty drinks bottle thrown carelessly into the countryside, or the huge mounds of plastic in landfills—can devastate fragile eco-systems and cause damage to living creatures as well as the environment. Plastic in rivers can cause them to become blocked and each item of plastic waste takes 400 years to degrade.

Disposable plastics is a relatively new phenomenon. Our parents’ and especially our grandparents’ generations used glass bottles for milk and pop, for example, which were returned to the manufacturer for reuse/refilling.

There are plenty of places today where you can buy milk, cream and orange juice in glass bottles, which are much easier to recycle than plastic. For coffee lovers, consider taking your own flask or refillable cup into coffee shops for your morning latte, and for those who like to have water with them throughout the day, buy a metal flask that can be continually refilled.

On a similar note, look at reducing the amount of plastic packaging you throw away. There are outlets that allow you to weigh out how much you need of a certain directly into your own containers. These ‘weigh your own’ shops offer cereals, grains, rice and other foodstuffs.

Blue handkerchief on a blue wooden background

Use a handkerchief

Anything disposable is a bad idea, even paper. When you’re suffering from the sniffles, take a pack of cloth handkerchiefs to work with you. Not only will these be less abrasive on your poor, sore nose, they can be washed in the washing machine to be used again.

If you know that you’re going to visit a fast-food joint, dampen a few handkerchiefs and pop them into a plastic food bag (which can be washed and reused each time). You can then wipe the kids’ faces and hands after they’ve finished as effectively as using a baby/hand wipe, but without damaging the environment. Disposable wipes take around 100 years to decompose.

Buy only the food you need

Food waste is a huge issue. The amount of food we throw away each year runs into many tonnes, yet we have people amongst us starving or suffering from malnutrition.

Adding food waste to our landfill is simply unnecessary, and its impact on the environment goes further than this. Because we’ve become accustomed to having every type of food available all year round, rather than eating food of the season that has been produced within the UK, we import a vast amount of food from other countries. The associated air miles and carbon footprint of this indulgence have a detrimental effect on the environment.

Menu planning is one way to cut down on food waste, because you’re more likely to just purchase the food you need. Resist two-for-one offers—particularly on fruit, vegetables and items with short use-by dates—if you’re unlikely to consume all the food before it passes its best.

Consider creating a compost heap in a spare corner of the garden. Egg shells, fruit and veg peelings, teabags and ground coffee beans all biodegrade to make a rich compost for your plants. Much better being put to use in your garden than adding to the mound of waste at your nearest landfill site.

Use natural cleaners

The various chemicals from all the different cleaning solutions on the market eventually go back into our water supply, which needs more treating to become drinkable again.

There are numerous ‘recipes’ online for cleaning solutions that can be made from natural ingredients, such as distilled vinegar, bicarbonate of soda, lavender, lemon and salt. Such elements are not pollutants and don’t contaminate our water like most artificial chemicals.

These are simple actions that can help you do your bit for the environment. If we all practised them, we could, perhaps, slow the damage to our planet