Disposable Vapes Found to Contain Toxic Levels of Lead, Say Scientists

New research has revealed that some of the most popular disposable vape brands on the market today are emitting dangerously high levels of toxic metals, including lead, prompting renewed health warnings and accelerating regulatory crackdowns.

The study, led by researchers at the University of California, Davis and published in late June 2025, examined seven popular disposable vaping devices including brands such as Elf Bar, Flum Pebble, and EscoBar. The findings were stark: several devices released lead concentrations that far exceeded health safety thresholds, with some generating more lead in a single day of vaping than what would be inhaled by smoking 20 traditional cigarettes.

According to the researchers, as disposable vapes are used over time, the levels of toxic metals in their aerosol emissions increase significantly. This is largely due to the degradation of internal components such as heating coils and solder joints. In some cases, the levels of lead, nickel and chromium in the vapour were found to be over 1,000 times higher than at the start of the device’s life.

These metals, when inhaled, are not harmless by-products. Lead, in particular, is a potent neurotoxin that can damage virtually every system in the human body. Prolonged or high-level exposure can affect brain development, reduce cognitive function, damage the kidneys and liver, and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. In children and teenagers, whose nervous systems are still developing, exposure to lead is especially dangerous. Even low levels of lead can result in long-term developmental and behavioural issues.

Nickel and chromium, both also identified in the study at harmful levels, carry their own significant risks. Nickel exposure through inhalation has been linked to lung inflammation, bronchitis and increased cancer risk. Chromium, depending on its chemical form, is classified as a human carcinogen. These findings suggest that far from being a safer alternative to cigarettes, many disposable vapes could be introducing a new set of serious health hazards.

In light of these revelations, the UK government moved ahead with its planned ban on disposable vapes, which officially came into effect on 1 June 2025. The decision was made on both environmental and public health grounds, with mounting concerns over youth vaping, poor product quality, and the unrecyclable nature of the devices. Public health officials welcomed the move, describing it as a necessary step in tackling what they termed a "rapidly escalating health crisis".

While the ban addresses the growing popularity of colourful, sweet-flavoured disposable devices among younger users, it leaves open the market for reusable and refillable vaping products. Many adult smokers who have switched to vaping now rely on pod-style or refillable devices, often marketed as cleaner and more reliable alternatives.

But are these alternatives truly safer?

Studies into refillable vaping devices have found that they also emit toxic metals, including lead, though usually at lower levels than their disposable counterparts. Research conducted by Johns Hopkins University and others indicates that the level of metal contamination in refillable devices is highly variable and dependent on several factors, including the materials used in the coil, how often the device is used, and how hot it gets during operation.

In a typical session of 15 puffs on a refillable vape, users may inhale between 0.003 to 0.057 micrograms of lead. By comparison, a single cigarette delivers roughly 0.004 micrograms. For nickel, refillable vapes have been measured between 0.011 to 0.029 micrograms per 15 puffs, closely matching the 0.019 micrograms found in cigarette smoke. These figures highlight that while refillable devices might avoid the worst-case contamination scenarios seen in cheap disposable vapes, they are not free from concern.

Traditional cigarettes, of course, have long been known to contain and emit heavy metals. Tobacco plants absorb metals like cadmium and lead from the soil, which are then released in smoke. The difference, however, is that cigarette composition and emissions are highly regulated and well-documented, while the fast-moving vape market has remained relatively unchecked until recently.

Critics of the vaping industry argue that manufacturers have prioritised aesthetics, flavour and low cost over product safety. The popularity of vapes among younger demographics has outpaced public understanding of what exactly is being inhaled. As evidence of metal toxicity mounts, scientists are calling for stricter testing requirements and long-term health studies to assess the cumulative effects of vaping across different device types.

The health implications are becoming harder to ignore. While vaping was initially promoted as a less harmful alternative to smoking, these new findings suggest that the risk profile is more complex than once believed. Toxic metal exposure, particularly from cheap and poorly manufactured devices, could pose risks equal to or even exceeding those associated with traditional tobacco use.

Ultimately, public health experts continue to reiterate one key message: the safest option is not to smoke or vape at all. While nicotine replacement therapies and prescription aids are available for those looking to quit, neither cigarettes nor e-cigarettes can be considered risk-free. As the UK and other countries move towards tighter regulation, the goal remains to reduce dependency on all nicotine products, not just the most dangerous ones.